Livingstone4, Tadashi Arai5, Raymond A. Barry7, Virginia Card8, Esko Kuusisto9, Nick G. Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. other t, Water Resources Division, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA. Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 319 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Department of Geography, Rissho University 4-2-16 Osaki, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 141, Japan.